StudyNotes.ie

2007 

FOR WHAT IS ATP AN ABBREVIATION FOR?

  • Adenosine Triphosphate

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF ATP?

  • Traps and Transfers energy in cell reaction

WHAT IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THE FIRST STAGE OF RESPIRATION?

  • Glycolysis

WHERE IN THE CELL DOES THE FIRST STAGE TAKE PLACE?

  • In the cytosol

TO WHAT SUBSTANCE IS GLUCOSE NORMALLY CONVERTED TO IN THE FIRST STAGE OF RESPIRATION?

  • Pyruvic acid 

NAME A SUBSTANCE TO WHICH (PYRUVIC ACID) MAY BE CONVERTED IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN.

  • Lactic acid (or ethanol)

IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION THE PRODUCT OF THE FIRST STAGE MOVES TO THE MITOCHONDRION. OUTLINE SUBSEQUENT EVENTS IN THE TOTAL BREAKDOWN OF THIS PRODUCT.

  • Pyruvic acid enters the lumen of the mitochondrion.
  • Pruyvic acid is dismantled and broken down into 2 carbon acetyl co-enzyme a. There is a loss of CO2, it is taken into the bloodstream.
  • The acetyl co-enzyme a enters kreb’s cycle of regeneration and is broken down.
  • The products of krebs cycle are CO2, ATP, (2H) Hydrogen.
  • NAD+ picks up 2E-  and H+ forming NADH.
  • NADH releases electrons. Electrons are passed along the electron transport chain.
  • Energy is gradually removed from Hydrogen electron.Energy released during electron transfer is used to make ATP.
  • Electrons combine oxygen and H+ to form H2O.

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2008

WRITE A BALANCED EQUATION TO REPRESENT AEROBIC RESPIRATION.

  • C6H12O6 + O6 ~ 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy 

WHAT IS THE CYTOSOL?

  • Cytoplasm minus organelles.

DOES THE FIRST STAGE OF RESPIRATION RELEASE SMALL OR LARGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY.

  • Small

WHAT IS FERMENTATION? 

  • Fermentation is the production of ethanol in anaerobic conditions from glucose by yeast.

SUGGEST A SITUATION IN WHICH SOME CELLS IN THE HUMAN BODY MAY NOT BE ABLE TO ENGAGE IN THE SECOND STAGE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION

  • During intense exercise to muscle cells.

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2009 

ATP & NAD/NADP+ PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN CELL ACTIVITIES.

NAME THE SUBSTANCE X, FORMED BY LOSS OF A PHOSPHATE GROUP.

  • ADP 

ATP CYCLE IS KEPT GOING BY Y.WHAT IS Y ?

  • Y is energy

SUGGEST A ROLE FOR NAD / NADP+ IN CELL ACTIVITIES?

  • Transferring hydrogen ions.

WHAT IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THE FIRST STAGE OF RESPIRATION

  • GLYCOLYSIS

THE FIRST STAGE ENDS WITH THE FORMATION OF PYRUVIC ACID. IN ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS, WHAT IS PRODUCED FROM THIS PYRUVATE.

  1. IN MUSCLE CELLS? Lactic Acid
  2. IN YEAST CELLS?  Ethanol and CO2

IN (MITOCHONDRIA) PYRUVATE IS BROKEN DOWN CO2 AND A TWO-CARBON COMPOUND. NAME THIS 2-CARBON COMPOUND?

  • Acetyl Co-enzyme a

THIS 2-CARBON COMPOUND PASSES DIRECTLY INTO A SERIES OF REACTIONS IN THE SECOND STAGE OF RESPIRATION. NAME SERIES OF REACTIONS AND NAME ONE PRODUCT OTHER THAN ELECTRONS.

  • SERIES OF REACTION. Krebs cycle 
  • PRODUCT: ATP

THE ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED FROM THE ABOVE REACTIONS ALONG A TRANSPORT CHAIN AND IN THE PROCESS ENERGY IS RELEASED.

  1. TO WHAT USE IS THE ENERGY PUT? Energy released during electron transfer is used to make ATP.
  2. AT THE END OF THE TRANSPORT CHAIN WHAT HAPPENS TO THE ELECTRONS? Electrons combine oxygen and H+ to form H2O.

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2011 

CELLULAR RESPIRATION MAY OCCUR IN ONE OR TWO STAGES.

GIVE TWO DIFFERENCES OTHER THAN LOCATION BETWEEN STAGES 1 & 2

  • No oxygen is required for stage 1, glycolysis, however, oxygen is required for stage 2.
  • Small amounts of ATP is produced in stage 1 but in stage 2 lots of ATP is produced.

WHAT TERM IS USED TO DESCRIBE RESPIRATION IN WHICH ONLY STAGE 1 OCCURS?

  • Anaerobic respiration

IN STAGE 2 OF RESPIRATION ELECTRONS PASS ALONG AN ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN, RELEASING ENERGY. IN WHAT MOLECULE IS THIS ENERGY STORED IN A CELL.

  • ATP

TO WHAT ARE THESE ELECTRONS TRANSFERRED TO AT THE END OF THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN?

  • The electrons bond with Oxygen and H+ to form Water, H2O.

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2012

WRITE A BRIEF NOTE ON EACH OF THE FOLLOWING:

  1. GLYCOLYSIS: this is stage one of respiration. It does not require oxygen. Anaerobic respiration takes place in the cytosol. Releases very little ATP. 6 carbon glucose is split in 2 3carbon molecules which is then broken down to pyruvic acid.
  2. ACETYL CO-ENZYME A: this is produced in stage 2, where oxygen is required. The formation of a two carbon acetyl co-enzyme a is from the breakdown of a 3carbon pyruvate. Anerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria. Acetyl co-enzyme a enters krebs cycle.
  3. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE: ATP traps and transfers energy in cell reactions.Lots of ATP is produced in stage 2. Formed from ADP.
  4. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN:Part of aerobic respiration, takes places in the mitochondrion.NADH releases electrons. Electrons are passed along the electron transport chain. Energy is gradually removed from Hydrogen electron.Energy released during electron transfer is used to make ATP. Electrons combine oxygen and H+ to form H2O.

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2013

METABOLISM: metabolism refers to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the cells of organisms. E.g respiration & Digestion. Catabolic reactions are taking large molecules and breaking them down into smaller molecules. E.g Digestion 

Anabolism…

KREBS CYCLE: Occurs in the mitochondria.Pyruvic acid enters the lumen of the mitochondrion.Pruyvic acid is dismantled and broken down into 2 carbon acetyl co-enzyme a. There is a loss of CO2, it is taken into the bloodstream. The acetyl co-enzyme a enters kreb’s cycle of regeneration and is broken down. The products of krebs cycle are CO2, ATP, (2H) Hydrogen.

ADP: ADP is an abbreviation for Adenosine Diphosphate. It is a low energy molecule. If another Phosphate is added to ADP, then ATP is formed.

EXPLAIN THE TERM FERMENTATION.

This the production of ethanol under anaerobic conditions from glucose by yeast.

NAME AN ORGANISM THAT IS USED IN THE INDUSTRIAL FERMENTATION.

  • Yeast 

TO WHICH KINGDOM DOES THIS ORGANISM BELONG TO?

  • Fungi

NAME A COMPOUND WHICH IS USED AS A CARBON SOURCE IN FERMENTATION REFERRED TO YEAST.

  • Glucose 

EXPLAIN THE TERM BIOPROCESSING AND IMMOBILISED? 

  • Bioprocessing is the use of micro-organisms or their enzymes to produce useful substances 
  • Immobilised means fixed to inert material.

GIVE AN ADVANTAGE OF USING IMMOBILISED ENZYMES

  • Immobilised enzymes can be reused, so it is economical.
  • Can also be easily separated and purified.

NAME THE COMPOUND WHICH THE IMMOBILISING BEADS ARE FORMED IN THE LAB.

  • Sodium Alginate

GIVE THE GENERAL NAME FOR THE VESSEL USED FOR SUCH REACTIONS.

  • Bioreactor

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2014

SUGGEST AN ADVANTAGE OF USING ATP AS AN ENERGY STORE IN CELLS.

  • It is a high energy molecule and can be reused.

BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE FATE UNDER AEROBIC CONDITIONS OF THE TWO-CARBON COMPOUND REFERRED TO IN PART D.

  • The acetyl co-enzyme a enters kreb’s cycle of regeneration and is broken down.
  • The products of krebs cycle are CO2, ATP, (2H) Hydrogen.
  • NAD+ picks up 2E-  and H+ forming NADH.
  • NADH releases electrons. Electrons are passed along the electron transport chain.
  • Energy is gradually removed from Hydrogen electron.Energy released during electron transfer is used to make ATP.
  • Electrons combine oxygen and H+ to form H2O.

DRAW A LABELLED DIAGRAM OF THE APPARATUS YOU USED TO PREPARE ALCOHOL.

2 ADVANTAGES OF USING IMMOBILISED ENZYMES IN THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL.

  • Can be reused
  • Easy to extract from the solution

HOW DID YOU TEST FOR THE PRESENCE OF ALCOHOL.

  • Using an iodoform test 
  • Initial colour was clear
  • Final; colour was yellow (crystals)

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2015 

NAME STAGE 1 AND ITS LOCATION IN YEAST CELLS.

  • Glycolysis
  • Cytosol 

6 NUMBER OF CARBONS ATOMS = Glucose

3 NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS= pyruvic acid

2 NUMBER OF CARBONS ATOMS= Acetyl co-enzyme a 

NAME GAS X AND Y?

GAS X: carbon dioxide

GAS Y: Oxygen

NAME COMPOUND D AND GIVE 2 FUNCTIONS OF THIS COMPOUND IN YEAST CELLS

  • Water 
  • It is a medium for chemical reaction
  • Maintains constant temperature.

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2016

IN THE COPNTEXT OF CELL METABOLISM WHAT DOES NAD STAND FOR?

  • Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

NAME TWO TYPES OF PARTICLE TRANSFERRED BY NAD 

  • Electrons 
  • Hydrogen ions (protons)

NAME THE 3-CARBON MOLECULE BY THAT IS AN  INTERMEDIATE COMPOUND IN BOTH AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC 

  • Pyruvic acid

WHAT IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THE BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY BY WHICH THIS INTERMEDIATE COMPOUND IS PRODUCED?

  • GLYCOLYSIS

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE INTERMEDIATE COMPOUND WHEN OXYGEN IS AVAILABLE AND USED IN THE BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE?

  • Pyruvic acid enters the lumen of the mitochondrion.
  • Pruyvic acid is dismantled and broken down into 2 carbon acetyl co-enzyme a. There is a loss of CO2, it is taken into the bloodstream.
  • The acetyl co-enzyme a enters kreb’s cycle of regeneration and is broken down.
  • The products of krebs cycle are CO2, ATP, (2H) Hydrogen.
  • NAD+ picks up 2E-  and H+ forming NADH.
  • NADH releases electrons. Electrons are passed along the electron transport chain.
  • Energy is gradually removed from Hydrogen electron.Energy released during electron transfer is used to make ATP.
  • Electrons combine oxygen and H+ to form H2O.

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2018

WHEN YOU USED YEAST TO PREPARE ALCOHOL WHAT WAS THE OTHER PRODUCT PRODUCED DURING FERMENTATION.

  • Carbon Dioxide 

WHAT TEST DID YOU USE TO CONFIRM THE PRESENCE OF ALCOHOL

  • Iodoform test 
  • Initial colour = clear
  • Final colour = yellow crystals

GIVE A BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION

C6H12O6 + O6 ~ 6H2O + 6CO2 + ENERGY 

NAME THE STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDE IN HUMANS FROM WHICH GLUCOSE IS PRODUCE

  • glycogen

GIVE ONE MAJOR STORE LOCATION OF THIS POLYSACCHARIDE IN THE BODY 

  • Liver 

WHAT HAPPENS TO PYRUVATE MOLECULES THAT PREPARES THEM FOR KREBS CYCLE?

  • They are broken down into a 2-carbon compound acetyl co-enzyme a 

3 PRODUCTS OF KREBS CYCLE

  • ATP
  • C02
  • NADH

BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE FATE OF ONE PRODUCT 

  • NADH: releases electrons and these electrons are passed along the electron transport chain

WHAT IS THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION 

  • Oxygen