Real Image – is an image formed by the actual intersection of light rays.

Virtual Image – is formed by the apparent intersection of light rays.

Refraction – is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

The Refractive Index of a Medium – is the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction when light travels from a vacuum into that medium.

Snell’s law of refraction – states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant .

Transverse wave – is a wave where the direction of vibration is perpendicular to the direction in which the wave travels.

Longitudinal Wave – is a wave where the direction of vibration is parallel to the direction in which the wave travels.

Refraction – is the changing of direction of a wave as it travels from one medium to another.

Diffraction – is the spreading of waves around an obstacle.

Interference – occurs when two waves combine to produce a wave of a different amplitude.

Coherent Sources – are sources which have the same frequency and are in phase with each other.

Polarised wave – is a wave which vibrates in one plane only.

Stationary waves – are formed when two periodic travelling waves of the same frequency and amplitude travelling in opposite directions meet.

Doppler Effect – is the apparent change in the frequency in of a wave due to the motion of the source of the wave.

Natural frequency – of an object is the frequency at which the object will vibrate if free to do so.

Resonance – is the transfer of energy between two objects which have the same natural frequency.

Sound Intensity – at a point is the rate at which sound energy is passing through unit area.

The threshold of hearing – is the smallest sound intensity detectable by the average human ear at a frequency of 1 KHz.

Frequency limits of audibility – are the highest and lowest frequencies that can be heard by a normal human ear.The range is 20 Hz – 20,000 Hz.

Overtones – are frequencies which are multiples of the fundamental frequency.

Diffraction grating – consists of a piece of transparent material on which a very large number of parallel lines are engraved.

Dispersion – is the separating of white light into its different colours.

Coulomb’s Law – states that the force between two point charges is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Electric Field Strength (E) – is the force per unit charge.

Potential Difference (p.d.) – between two point is the work done in bringing a charge of one Coulomb from one point to the other.

Volt – The potential difference between two points is one volt if one Joule of work is done when bringing a charge of one Coulomb from one point to another.

The potential at a point – refers to the work done in bringing unit charge from that point to earth.

Capacitance – of a conductor is the ratio of the charge on a conductor to its potential.

Current – is a flow of charge.

1 Amp = – 1 C / s

EMF – voltage when applied to a complete circuit.

Resistance – of a conductor is the ratio of the Potential Difference across it to the current flowing through it.

Ohm’s Law – the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the Potential Difference across it, assuming constant temperature.

Resistivity – (Resistance X Area) / length

Joules Law – states that the rate at which heat is produced in a conductor is proportional to the square of the current, provided its resistant is constant

the five senses are – smell, sight , taste, touch and hearing

the energy value of food is measured in – kilocalories of kilojoules

examples of staple foods are – bread and potatoes

what is bad nutrition – malnutrition

too little food causes – starvation

too much food causes – obesity

what is organic food – food produced without the use of artificial chemicals

a diet with no meat is called a – vegetarian diet

another name for fast food is – convenience or processed

diets often contain too much – salt or sugar

Goods – can be physically weighed or measured

Services – tasks that people or machines perform

Producer – a business that gathers raw products in their natural state

Processor – changes raw materials into more finished products

Manufacturers – businesses that make finished products out of processed goods

Intermediary – business that moves goods from one business to another

wholesaler – distributes goods

retailer – purchases goods from a wholesaler and resells them to the consumer

sole proprietorship – a business owned by only one person

unlimited liability – full responsibility for your company’s debts

partnership – a business owned by two or more persons who share the risks and rewards

corporation – a business owned by many people but treated by law as one person

stock – shares of ownership in your corporation

Limited liability – if the company looses money then the stockholders lose only what they invested

‘Kinsella’s poetry extends the reader’s understanding of life. Discuss.’

Having studied a selection of poetry by Kinsella on my Leaving Certificate course, I have no hesitation in saying that they not only extend my understanding of life, but challenge me to confront reality and to accept, endure and handle whatever life brings.
The poems which, I believe, gave me this impression are “Mirror In February”, “Model School Inchicore”, “Chrysalides” and “Thinking of Mr.D”. Important themes in these poems are fragility of childhood innocence, an awareness of mortality and the struggle for comprehension. Richly sensuous imagery, rhythm and sound patterns entice the reader into an experience that expands the understanding of what it means to be human.

“Model School Inchicore”, is one of Kinsella’s poems where the poet imaginatively re-enters the land of his childhood to explore his human journey from innocence to knowledge. The “blank paper” handed to children represents the inexperienced, innocent minds of the children, who will be deeply affected and altered by their educational experiences. The “marla” symbolises the remoulding and shaping of the children’s minds as they “start with a ball of it” and keep “rolling it” until it wears down. Similarly, “in the second school”, the “white dot” illustrated on the blackboard signifies the beginning of knowledge, starting from zero. Kinsella’s thirst for wisdom is wonderfully communicated in his innocent assertion: “I am going to know everything”. Knowledge, for him, holds limitless potential. However, the young poet is growing and changing and this is reflected in the changing seasons. It is autumn and the children play with fallen leaves. A boisterous amount of energy is evoked in the language and imagery as “the boys ran races/jumping over the heaps/and tumbles into them shouting.” The vitality is sharply contrasted with the following image when the poet sits by himself in a shed, watching the papers being blown “around the wheels of the bicycles”. Here, we are reminded of the “blank paper” and “marla” and notices that a journey has been undertaken and is still in progress for Kinsella. The child is learning about his religion and turning over the notions of sin and judgement in his mind by reciting the catechism. The role of the young poet is suggested in “every idle word that man shall speak/he shall render an account of it/on the Day of Judgement”.
The language has evoked from the simple, childish diction to the formal diction of the catechism. Similarly in “Chrysalides”, Kinsella interprets the transience and fragility of childhood purity. The sexual awakening aroused within the boys makes them numb and “insensitive”. Their instincts are “blurred” and their hearts are “dulled”. They are unmoved by the horrible sight of the “wedding flight”. It was only some time afterwards when they felt the psychological impact of this “lasting horror”. In these poems, Kinsella explores the theme of transience and regeneration. The poet explains to the readers that childhood innocence is inevitably lost. As we gain more knowledge, our childhood innocent mentality begins to vanish.

The poem “Thinking of Mr.D” depicts an individual’s confrontation of the realities of life, such as ageing. This poem describes the loneliness that comes with getting old. We learn from the final image in the poem that the ghostly figure of Mr.D staring into the water is extremely lonely. After all the gossiping and socialising in the bar, Mr.D led a lonely, solitary lifestyle. This poem also focuses on “the pain and bodily plight” of the elderly. “Turning../quickly aside from the pain” suggests Mr.D’s suffering. This poem is about the erosive nature of age and illness. Nothing can protect the individual from the ravages of time and pain.

From my previous study of poets, I noted how Shakespeare emphasised nothing is immune to time’s ravages. In Sonnet 60, the poet stresses how “nothing stands but for his scythe to mow” while Sonnet 12 portrays how “nothing’ gainst Time’s scythe can make defence”. In reality, nothing can stand up to time’s trouble scythe. The passage of time will cause everything on earth to fade away. Similar to Shakespeare, Kinsella’s poetry depicts the ravages time inflicts on the human body. Parallel to “Thinking of Mr.D”, “Mirror In February” is another poem where Kinsella explores the erosion of decay wrought by time. The world of nature seems to mirror the condition of the poet. The “dark trees” and the “dry bedroom air” are linked to his own reflection in the mirror : ” a dark exhausted eye/ a dry downturning mouth”. Here, Kinsella uses pathetic fallacy to create an analogy between man and nature that is continued throughout the poem. He is “riveted” and can only “stop and stare” at the devastation caused by time. However, a note of hope is sounded. From the personal awareness of ageing and contemplation of the inevitability of death, comes new inspiration. Although, Thomas Kinsella has been disturbed by the reflection of his own transience, the poet manages to accept the condition. He acknowledges with dignity that he is “not young and not renewable, but man”. The capacity to transcend death and decay while maintaining personal dignity is explored both in “Mirror in February” and “Thinking of Mr.D”.

The poetic techniques used by Thomas Kinsella allows a young reader to understand what is it to be human. In the poem “Thinking of Mr.D”, the sibilance emphasises the sarcastic quality of his bitter tongue, as he taps his shoe in time to his own commentary on his fellow man – ” He sipped and swallowed with a scathing smile”. We can almost hear the whispering, accompanied by hisses of contempt in the repeated ‘s’ sound. The poem “Mirror In February”, contains sensual imagery throughout the whole poem which heightens the impact on the reader. We smell the “must”, feel the “dry air”, see the “dark trees” and the “fading lamp”. Kinsella uses assonance, alliteration and internal rhyme in “Chrysalide” to create a richly musical effect for the reader. “Our last free summer we mooned about at odd hours” and “sleeping too little or too much , we awoke at noon” are examples of assonance and internal rhyme respectively. The use of broad vowels and sibilance also slows down the pace of the poem and creates a unique mood.

In conclusion, Thomas Kinsella’s poetry has reinforced an understanding of the meaning of life for young adults in a unique way. He has taught us to accept the reality of human ageing. All we can do is accept that suffering is part of the human life-cycle. Kinsella’s poems have encouraged us to handle whatever life brings. Kinsella has taught me to face the ravages of time with all the courage and dignity I have. Hence, his poetry has extended my understanding of life.

Temperature – of an object is a measure of the hotness or coldness of that object.

Thermometric Property – is any physical property that changes measurably with temperature.

Specific Heat Capacity – of a substance is the heat energy needed to change one kilogram of the substance by one Kelvin.

Specific Latent of Fusion (l) – is the amount of heat energy need to change 1 kg of the substance from a solid to a liquid without a change in temperature.

Specific Latent of Vaporisation (l) – is the amount of heat energy needed to change 1 kg of the substance from a liquid to a gas without a change in temperature.

Conduction – is the movement of heat energy through a substance by the passing on of molecular vibration from molecule to molecule, without any overall movement of the substance.

Convection – is the transfer of heat through a fluid by means of circulating currents of fluid caused by the heat.

Radiation – is the transfer of heat energy from one place to another in the form of electromagnetic waves

Displacement – is distance in a given direction.

Speed – is the rate of change of distance with respect to time.

Velocity – is the rate of change of Displacement with respect to time.

Acceleration – is the rate of change of Velocity with respect to time.

Scalar Quantity – is one which has magnitude only.

Vector Quantity – is one which has both magnitude and direction.

Force – is that which can cause an acceleration.

Newton – is that force which gives a mass of one kg an acceleration of 1 ms-2.

Friction – is a force which opposes the relative motion between two objects.

Weight – of an object is the force of the Earth’s gravity acting on it.

Momentum – is the product of Mass times Velocity.

Newton’s First Law of Motion – states that every object will remain in a state of rest or travelling with a constant velocity unless an unbalanced external force acts on it.

Newton’s Second Law of Motion – states that the rate of change of an object’s momentum is directly proportional to the force which caused it.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion – states that if an object A exerts a force on an object B, then B will exert an equal but opposite force on A.

Principle of Conservation of Momentum – states that in any collision between two objects, the total momentum before impact equals total momentum after impact provided no external forces act on the system.

Density – of a substance is a measure of its mass per unit volume.

Pressure – is defined as Force per unit Area.

Archimedes Principle – states that when an object is immersed in a fluid, the upthrust it experiences is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.

Law of Flotation – states that the weight of a floating object is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.

Boyle’s Law – states that at constant temperature, the volume of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.

Newton’s Law of Gravitation – states that any two objects in the universe are attracted to each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Conditions for Equilibrium of an object under Coplanar Forces – The vector sum of the forces in any direction is zero AND The sum of the moments about any point is zero

Moment of a Force – is equal to the force multiplied by the perpendicular distance between the force and the fulcrum.

Work – is defined as the product of Displacement by Force (in the direction of the displacement).

Energy – is the ability to do work.

Principle of Conservation of Energy – states that Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be converted from one form to another.

Power – is the rate at which work is done.

Angular Velocity – is the rate of change of angle with respect to time.

Centripetal Force – The force -acting in towards the centre – required to keep an object moving in a circle is called.

Hooke’s Law – states that when an object is stretched the restoring force F is directly proportional to the displacement – provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.

Ionisation – occurs when an atom loses electrons.

Thermionic Emission - is the giving off of electrons from the surface of a hot metal.

Photoelectric Effect – is the emission of electrons from a metal due to light of a suitable frequency falling upon it.

Photon – is a discrete amount (packet) of electromagnetic radiation.

Electron Volt – is the energy lost or gained by an electron when it moves through a potential difference of one volt.

Atomic Number – of an atom tells us the number of protons present in the atom.

Mass Number – of an atom tells us the number of protons plus neutrons present in the atom.

Isotopes – are atoms which have the same Atomic Number but different Mass Numbers.

Radioactivity – is the disintegration of unstable nuclei with the emission of alpha, beta or gamma radiation.

Half-life – of an element is the time taken for half of the nuclei in a sample to decay.

Law of Radioactive Decay – states that the number of disintegrations per second is proportional to the number of nuclei present.

Mass Number – of any element expressed in grams contains Avogadro’s Number of atoms.

Nuclear Fission – is the breaking up of a large nucleus into two smaller nuclei with the release of energy.

Nuclear Fusion – is the joining together of two small nuclei to form one larger nucleus with the release of energy and neutrons.

Semiconductor – is a material whose resistivity is between that of a good conductor and a good insulator.

Intrinsic Conduction – is the movement of charges through a pure semiconductor.

Extrinsic Conduction – is the movement of charges through a doped semiconductor.

Doping – is the addition of a small amount of atoms of another element to a pure semiconductor to increase its conductivity.

n-type semiconductor – is a semiconductor in which electrons are the majority charge carriers.

p-type semiconductor – is a semiconductor in which holes are the majority charge carriers.

Ampere – is that current which, if flowing in two, infinitely long parallel wires, of negligible cross-sectional area, one metre apart, in a vacuum, experiences a force of 2 x 10-7 N per metre.

Electromagnetic Induction – When a conductor cuts a magnetic flux an emf is induced.

Faraday’s Law – states that the size of the induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of flux.

Lenz’s Law – states that the direction of the induced emf is always such as to oppose the change producing it.

Magnetic Flux – is the product of Flux Density by Area.

Pour vous détendre, qu’est-ce que vous faites?

Tout d’abord il faut que je dise que les loisirs sont très importants. Il faut éviter de stresser et de travailler trop. Il est très important de relaxer son cerveau soit en lisant soit en regardant la télé soit en faisant du sport soit en écoutant de la musique. Par rapport  à ce que j’aime faire, je me passionne pour le sport /la lecture/la télé/la musique.

La Musique / Le Concert

Je trouve la musique vraiment importante. Il ya toute une gamme de raisons pourqoui je l’aime tellement. Cela aide à me relaxer et à  oublier le stress de l’école. J’apprécie surtout les paroles profondes et aussi les mélodies qui m’ercouragent à  danser et à chanter. J’apprécie toutes sortes de musique. Mon groupe préféré s’appelle ‘The Script’. Ils sont d’origine Irlandaise. J’ai assisté à  un de leurs concerts dans le O2. C’était vraiment génial, je ne l’oublierai jamais. Le moment où ils sont arrivés sur scène était inoubliable. L’endroit était plein à craquer. Je payerais le maximum pour mon groupe favorit mais pas pour tout le monde. Le prix sont exhorebitant.

La Lecture

Il faut que je vous dise que je me passionne pour la lecture. Je lis que le soir avant que je m’endorme. La lecture permet de s’évader. J’aime tous les genre de livre. J’ai acheté une liseuse Kindle. Les liseueses sont un très bon produit, très agréables à  utilser, très pratiques avec de nombreux outils : dictionnaires, prise de notes,surlignage,etc. Je ne pense pas que ça soit la fin du livre en papier car c’est toujours agréable de faire la collection de vrais livres chez soi.

La Télé

Il faut que je sois honnête, on pourrait dire que je suis télévore! La télé est assez importante pour moi. Cela m’aide à me détendre après l’école. En moyenne je passe grosso modo une heure par jour à  regarder la télé. Il y a une grande d’émissions pour satisfaire à tous les gouts. On peut également s’informer sur ce qui se passe actuellement dans le monde.  Il faut que je dise que j’ai plutôt tendance à m’intéresser aux séries et aux comédies. J’adore regarder Friends. C’est l’histoire de la vie quotidienne à New York. Le scénario est très bien écrit et les personnages sont vraisemblables. Il faut que je dise que j’ai plutôt tendance à la téléréalité. Ils font n’importe quoi mais je le trouve délirant/hilarant!

L’Internet/ La technologie

Personallement, je passe pas mal du temps d’surfer sur internet. Par contre, je me sers de l’internet pour faire des recherches. Cela sert à faire les courses, à faire les devoirs, à discuter avec des copains, à se renseigner sur n’importe quoi, à télécharger toute sorte de choses, à  prévoir la météo/les maladies. Par conséquent on a plus de temps l’internet on risque de perdre beaucoup de temps et le contact humain aussi. La technologie continue à se développer à un rythyme vertigineux de jour en jour donc on verra d’autres progrès à l’avenir. Par exemple, il est possible qu’on puisse apprendre à la maison en utilisant des ordinateurs. Les ordinateurs commencent déjà  à remplacer les employés donc on verra plus de chômage. La tecnhologie peut causer l’isolement. Donc violà.